11-kii Luulyo, Shirka Sarrifka ee Sino US ee Shidaalka Gaadiidka Nadiif ah iyo ka hortagga wasakhowga hawada ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Beijing. Kulanka, khubarada ay khusayso ee ka socda warshadaha bayofuel ee Maraykanka iyo khubarada ilaalinta deegaanka ee Shiinaha ayaa wadaagay waayo-aragnimadooda mawduucyo ay ka mid yihiin ka hortagga iyo xakamaynta wasakhowga hawada, iyo khibradda dhiirrigelinta shidaalka ethanol ee Maraykanka.
Chai Fahe, oo ah guddoomiye ku xigeenkii hore ee akadeemiyada cilmiga deegaanka ee Shiinaha, ayaa sheegay in sannadihii u dambeeyay, meelo badan oo Shiinaha ah ay si joogto ah u soo gaadhay wasakhowga wasakhaysan. Gobol ahaan, gobolka Beijing Tianjin Hebei ayaa weli ah gobolka ay ka jirto wasakhowga hawada ugu daran.
Liu Yongchun, oo ah cilmi-baare associate of the Ecological Environment Research Centre of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ayaa sheegay in habka lagu falanqeynayo sababaha wasakhowga hawada ee Shiinaha, la ogaaday in tilmaamayaasha wasakhowga shakhsi ahaaneed ay ahaayeen kuwo sahlan in la gaaro heerka. laakiin tilmaamayaasha maadada particulate way adkayd in la xakameeyo. Sababaha dhammaystiran waxay ahaayeen kuwo adag, qaybaha ay sameeyeen isbeddelka labaad ee wasakhowga kala duwan ayaa door weyn ka ciyaaray samaynta nacaybka.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, qiiqa baabuurta ayaa noqday isha muhiimka ah ee wasakhowga hawada gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons iyo nitrogen oxides, PM (particulate matter, soot) iyo gaasaska kale ee waxyeelada leh. Sii daynta wasakhdu waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa tayada shidaalka.
Sannadihii 1950-aadkii, dhacdooyinka "qiiqa kiimikada ah" ee Los Angeles iyo meelo kale oo Maraykanka ah ayaa si toos ah u horseeday faafinta Sharciga Hawada Nadiifinta ee Federaalka ee Maraykanka. Isla mar ahaantaana, Maraykanku wuxuu soo jeediyay in kor loo qaado shidaalka ethanol. Xeerka Hawada Nadiiftu waxa uu noqday falkii ugu horeeyay ee lagu dhiirrigeliyo gaasta ethanol ee Maraykanka, isaga oo siinaya aasaas sharci ah horumarinta ethanol biofuel. Sannadkii 1979-kii, Maraykanku wuxuu aasaasay "Qorshaha Horumarinta Ethanol" ee dawladda federaalka, wuxuuna bilaabay inuu dhiirrigeliyo isticmaalka shidaal isku dhafan oo ka kooban 10% ethanol.
Biofuel ethanol waa horumariye nambar octane aan sun ahayn oo aad u wanaagsan iyo ogsijiineeyaha lagu daray shidaalka. Marka la barbar dhigo shidaalka caadiga ah, shidaalka E10 ethanol (basiin ka kooban 10% biofuel ethanol) wuxuu hoos u dhigi karaa PM2.5 in ka badan 40% guud ahaan. Kormeerka deegaanka ee ay samaysay waaxda qaran ee ilaalinta deegaanka ee gobolada laga soo dalacsiiyo shidaalka ethanol ayaa muujinaysa in gaaska ethanol uu si weyn u yareeyn karo qiiqa kaarboon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates iyo walxaha kale ee waxyeelada leh ee ku jira qiiqa baabuurta.
Warbixinta cilmi-baarista "Saameynta Ethanol Gasoline ee Tayada Hawada" ee lagu sii daayay Shirweynihii Sannadlaha ee Ethanol Qaranka ee Shanaad ayaa sidoo kale muujisay in ethanol uu yarayn karo PM2.5 aasaasiga ah ee qiiqa baabuurta. Ku darida 10% ethanol shidaalka caadiga ah ee baabuurta caadiga ah waxay yareyn kartaa qiiqa walxaha wasakhda ah 36%, halka baabuurta qiiqa sareeysa, ay hoos u dhigi karto qiiqa walxaha 64.6%. Xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee PM2.5 ee sare waxay si toos ah ula xiriiraan waxyaabaha udugga ah ee ku jira shidaalka. Isticmaalka ethanol si loogu beddelo qaar ka mid ah aromatics ee shidaalka ayaa yarayn kara qiiqa PM2.5 ee labaad.
Intaa waxaa dheer, shidaalka ethanol wuxuu sidoo kale yareyn karaa qiiqa wasakhda sunta ah sida kaydka qolka gubanaya matoorada baabuurta iyo benzene, waxayna wanaajisaa waxtarka beddelayaasha qiiqa baabuurta.
Biofuel ethanol, dunida dibeddu waxay sidoo kale ka walaacsan tahay in isticmaalkeeda ballaaran uu saameyn ku yeelan karo qiimaha cuntada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, James Miller, oo ah ku-xigeenkii xoghaye ku-xigeenkii hore ee Waaxda Tamarta ee Maraykanka, ahna Guddoomiyaha Shirkadda La-talinta Siyaasadda Beeraha iyo Biyo-fuelka, oo ka qayb-galay kulanka, ayaa sheegay in Baanka Adduunka uu sidoo kale qoray dhowr sano ka hor. Waxay sheegeen in qiimaha cunnada ay dhab ahaantii saamaysay qiimaha saliidda, ee aanay saamayn ku yeelan shidaalka noolaha. Sidaa darteed, isticmaalka bioethanol si weyn uma saameyn doono qiimaha badeecadaha cuntada.
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, shidaalka ethanol ee laga isticmaalo Shiinaha wuxuu ka kooban yahay 90% shidaalka caadiga ah iyo 10% ethanol shidaalka. Shiinaha ayaa kor u qaadayay ethanol shidaalka in ka badan 10 sano tan iyo 2002. Muddadan, Shiinuhu wuxuu ansixiyay toddobo shirkadood oo ethanol ah si ay u soo saaraan ethanol shidaalka, waxayna tijaabiyeen xayeysiis hawleed xiran oo 11 gobol ah, oo ay ku jiraan Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Anhui iyo Shandong. Laga bilaabo 2016, Shiinuhu wuxuu soo saaray qiyaastii 21.7 milyan oo tan oo ethanol shidaal ah iyo 25.51 milyan oo tan oo kaarboon dioxide ah oo u dhiganta.
Tirada baabuurta ee magaalada Beijing Tianjin Hebei iyo nawaaxigeeda ayaa ah ilaa 60 milyan, laakiin gobolka Tianjin Hebei ee Beijing laguma darin duuliyaha ethanol ee shidaalka.
Wu Ye, oo ah gudoomiye ku xigeenka Dugsiga Deegaanka ee Jaamacadda Tsinghua, ayaa sheegay in si dhab ah loo hadlo, isticmaalka gaaska ethanol oo leh qaacido macquul ah ma aysan horseedin koror weyn oo isticmaalka shidaalka iyo isticmaalka tamarta; Noocyada shidaalka ee kala duwan, qiiqa wasakhaysan ayaa ka duwan, sii kordhaya oo sii yaraanaya. Horumarinta shidaalka ethanol ee macquulka ah ee gobolka Tianjin Hebei ee Beijing waxay leedahay saameyn wanaagsan oo hagaajin ah oo ku saabsan dhimista PM2.5. Shidaalka ethanol weli waxa uu buuxin karaa heerka qaran ee 6 ee moodooyinka baabuurta ee xakamaynta hufnaanta sare.
Waqtiga boostada: Oct-26-2022