Habka wax soo saarka hydrogen peroxide
Habka wax soo saarka hydrogen peroxide
Qaabka kiimikada ee hydrogen peroxide waa H2O2, oo badanaa loo yaqaan hydrogen peroxide. Muuqaalku waa dareere hufan oo aan midab lahayn, waa oksidant xooggan, xalkeeda aqueous wuxuu ku habboon yahay jeermiska nabarrada caafimaadka iyo jeermiska deegaanka iyo jeermiska cuntada. Xaaladaha caadiga ah, waxay u jajabin doontaa biyaha iyo oksijiinta, laakiin heerka jajabku waa mid aad u gaabis ah, iyo xawaaraha falcelinta ayaa la kordhiyaa iyadoo lagu darayo kicinta - manganese dioxide ama shucaaca gaaban.
Tilmaamaha jirka
Xalka aqueous waa dareere hufan oo aan midab lahayn, oo ku milma biyaha, khamriga, etherka, iyo aan lagu milmi karin benzene iyo ether petroleum.
Hydrogen peroxide saafi ah waa dareere buluug ah oo khafiif ah oo leh dhibic dhalaalaysa -0.43 ° C iyo barta karkarinta ee 150.2 ° C. hydrogen peroxide saafi ah waxay bedeli doontaa qaabeynta molecular, sidaas darteed barta dhalaalku sidoo kale way isbedeli doontaa. Cufnaanta adag ee barta qaboojinta waxay ahayd 1.71 g /, cufnaanta ayaa hoos u dhacday markii heerkulku kordhay. Waxay leedahay shahaado urureed ka weyn kan H2O, sidaas darteed jooggeeda dielectric iyo barta karkaraya ayaa ka sarreeya biyaha. Hydrogen peroxide ee saafiga ah waa mid deggan, waxayna si xoog leh u jajabisaa biyaha iyo ogsijiinta marka la kululeeyo 153 ° C. Waxaa xusid mudan in aysan jirin curaarta hydrogen peroxide ee intermolecular.
Hydrogen peroxide waxay leedahay saameyn oksaydheyn xoog leh oo ku saabsan walxaha dabiiciga ah waxaana guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilka oksidaynta.
Waxyaabaha kiimikada
1. Oxidative
(Caddaanka cad ee rinjiyeynta saliidda [kaarbonate sunta rasaasta aasaasiga ah] waxay ka falcelinaysaa hydrogen sulfide hawada si ay u sameeyaan sulfide rasaasta madow, kaas oo lagu dhaqi karo hydrogen peroxide)
(waxay u baahan tahay dhexdhexaad ah alkaline)
2. Yaraynta
3. 10 ml oo ah 10% xal muunad ah, ku dar 5 ml oo ah xalinta tijaabada sulfuric acid dilute (TS-241) iyo 1 ml of potassium permanganate solution (TS-193).
Waa inay jiraan goobooyin, midabka potassium permanganatena wuu baaba'aa. Waa acidic ilaa litmus. Haddii ay dhacdo maadada organic, waa qarax.
4. Qaado 1 g oo muunad ah (sax ah ilaa 0.1 mg) kuna qas 250.0 ml oo biyo ah. 25 ml oo ka mid ah xalkan ayaa la qaatay, iyo 10 ml oo ah dareeraha tijaabada sulfuric acid (TS-241) lagu daraa, oo ay ku xigto titration leh 0.1 mol/L potassium permanganate. 0.1 mol/L halkii ml. Potassium permanganate waxay u dhigantaa 1.70 mg ee hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O2).
5. Xaaladda walxaha dabiiciga ah, kulaylka, xoraynta oksijiinta iyo biyaha, haddii ay dhacdo chromic acid, potassium permanganate, budada birta ayaa si xun u falcelisay. Si looga hortago burburka, waxaa lagu dari karaa xaddi raad raac ah sida sodium stannate, sodium pyrophosphate ama wixii la mid ah.
6. Hydrogen peroxide waa asiidh aad u daciif ah: H2O2 = (la beddeli karo) = H++ HO2-(Ka = 2.4 x 10-12). Sidaa darteed, peroxide ee birta waxaa loo tixgelin karaa inay tahay milixdeeda.
Ujeedada ugu weyn
Isticmaalka hydrogen peroxide wuxuu u qaybsan yahay isticmaalka caafimaadka, militariga iyo warshadaha. Jeermiska maalinlaha ah waa hydrogen peroxide caafimaad. Hydrogen peroxide-ka caafimaadku waxa uu dili karaa bakteeriyada pathogenic xiidmaha, pyogenic cocci, iyo khamiirka cudur-sidaha, kuwaas oo guud ahaan loo isticmaalo jeermiska dushiisa ee walxaha. Hydrogen peroxide waxay leedahay saameyn oksaydh ah, laakiin fiirsashada hydrogen peroxide caafimaad waxay la mid tahay ama ka yar tahay 3%. Marka lagu masaxo dusha nabarka, way guban doontaa, oogada waxay noqon doontaa oksaydhyo cad iyo xumbo, waxaana lagu dhaqi karaa biyo. 3-5 daqiiqo ka dib soo celi midabka asalka ah ee maqaarka.
Warshadaha kiimikaad waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida walxo ceeriin ah oo loogu talagalay soo saarista sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, peracetic acid, chlorite sodium, thiourea peroxide, iwm., wakiilada oxidizing sida tartaric acid iyo fiitamiinnada. Warshadaha dawooyinka waxa loo isticmaalaa sida bakteeriyadiye, jeermis dile, iyo oksidant si loo soo saaro thiram iyo 40 litir oo ah wakiilada bakteeriyada. Warshadaha daabacaadda iyo rinjiyeynta waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida warankiilo maryaha suufka ah iyo sida wakiilka midabaynta ee dheesha. Ka saarida birta iyo biraha kale ee culus marka loo isticmaalo soo saarista cusbada birta ah ama xeryahooda kale. Sidoo kale loo isticmaalo qubeyska elektiroonigga ah si looga saaro wasakhda aan noolaha ahayn iyo hagaajinta tayada qaybaha dahaadhka ah. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa dhogorta dhogorta, xariirta ceeriin, fool-maroodi, saxarka, baruurta, iwm. Heerarka sare ee hydrogen peroxide ayaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii shidaalka tamarta gantaalaha ah.
Isticmaalka madaniga ah: si loola tacaalo urta bullaacadaha jikada, farmashiyaha si aad u iibsato hydrogen peroxide oo lagu daray biyo lagu daray budada lagu dhaqo bulaacada waa la nadiifin karaa, jeermi-dilid, jeermis dilis;
3% hydrogen peroxide (darajada caafimaadka) ee jeermiska jeermiska.
Sharciga warshadaha
Habka wax-soo-saarka alkaline hydrogen peroxide: koronto hawo leh oo krypton ku jirta oo loogu talagalay soo saarista hydrogen peroxide alkaline, oo lagu garto in lammaane kasta oo korantadu ka kooban yahay saxan anode ah, mesh balaastiig ah, xuub ka sameysan iyo cathode hawo leh oo helium ka kooban, oo ku yaal xagga sare. iyo darafyada hoose ee aagga shaqada ee korantada. Waxaa jira qolal qaybinta dareeraha gelitaanka iyo qolka ururinta si loo sii daayo dareeraha, iyo irifice ah ayaa lagu habeeyay marinka dareeraha ah, iyo electrode-ka badan oo ka kooban waxay qaataan habka isku xirka dipole xaddidan si loo dheereeyo jilicsanaanta caaga ah ee wareegga wareegga anode. alkali biyaha soo gelida iyo ka bixista. Ka dib markii tuubada lagu xidho dareeraha ururinta dareeraha, kooxda korantada ee qaybaha badan ayaa lagu ururiyaa saxanka cutubka.
Habka dhexdhexaadinta fosfooraska: waxaa lagu gartaa in laga diyaariyey xal sodium peroxide aqueous iyadoo la raacayo tillaabooyinka soo socda:
(1) Xalka aqueous ee sodium peroxide waxa lagu dhex milmay pH 9.0 ilaa 9.7 leh phosphoric acid ama sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 si loo sameeyo xal aqueous of Na2HPO4 iyo H2O2.
(2) Xalka biyaha leh ee Na2HPO4 iyo H2O2 ayaa la qaboojiyey ilaa +5 ilaa -5 °C si inta badan Na2HPO4 ay u soo degto sida Na2HPO4•10H2O hydrate.
(3) Isku darka ka kooban Na2HPO4 • 10H 2 O hydrate iyo dareeraha hydrogen peroxide aqueous ayaa lagu kala saaray kala soocida centrifugal si loo kala saaro Na 2HPO 4 •10H 2 O crystals laga bilaabo qadar yar oo Na 2 HPO 4 ah iyo xal hydrogen peroxide aqueous ah.
(4) Xalka biyaha leh ee ay ku jiraan qadar yar oo Na2HPO4 ah iyo hydrogen peroxide ayaa lagu soo saaray uumiga si loo helo uumiga ka kooban H2O2 iyo H2O, iyo xal cusbo ah oo Na2HPO4 ah oo ay ku jiraan hydrogen peroxide ayaa laga soo daayay hoosta waxaana lagu soo celiyay haanta dhexdhexaadinta. .
(5) Uumiga ka kooban H2O2 iyo H2O waxaa lagu sakhiray kala-soocidda jajabka hoos yimaada cadaadis si loo helo ilaa 30% alaabta H2O2.
Habka sulfuric acid Electrolytic: 60% sulfuric acid electrolyzed si loo helo peroxodisulfuric acid, ka dibna hydrolyzed si loo helo fiirsashada 95% hydrogen peroxide.
2-Ethyl oxime method: Habka ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka miisaanka warshadaha waa habka 2-ethyl oxime (EAQ). 2-ethyl hydrazine heerkul gaar ah.
Xooggu waxa uu la falgalaa hydrogen iyada oo hoos timaad fal-kicinta si uu u sameeyo 2-ethylhydroquinone, iyo 2-ethylhydroquinone waxa ay abuurtaa ogsijiin leh oksijiin heerkul iyo cadaadis.
Dareen-celinta dhimista, 2-ethylhydroquinone waa la dhimay si ay u sameyso 2-ethyl hydrazine iyo hydrogen peroxide ayaa la sameeyay. Ka dib marka la soo saaro, xal hydrogen peroxide aqueous ah ayaa la helayaa, oo ugu dambeyntii lagu nadiifiyaa hydrocarbon caraf udgoon culus si loo helo xal biyo ah oo tayo leh, oo loo yaqaan hydrogen peroxide. Inta badan habkan waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu diyaariyo 27.5% hydrogen peroxide, iyo fiirsashada sare ee aqueous hydrogen peroxide xal (sida 35%, 50% hydrogen peroxide) waxaa lagu heli karaa by distillation.
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